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Research 4 |
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| Related Research
-- Studies on Rg1, Rg2 and Rg3 |
More
Studies on Rg1, Rg2 and Rg3 (> 311 articles) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=pubmed&term=Rg*%20ginseng |
Study
One |
| Effects
of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 on the proliferation
of prostate cancer cells. |
| Kim
HS, Lee
EH, Ko
SR, Choi
KJ, Park
JH, Im
DS, Arch
Pharm Res. 2004 Apr;27(4):429-35. |
| College of
Pharmacy, Pusan National University, San 30,
Chang-Jun-dong, Keum-Jung-gu, Busan 609-735,
Korea |
| Ginseng
has an anti-cancer effect in several cancer
models. This study was to characterize
active constituents of ginseng and their effects
on proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines,
LNCaP and PC3. Cell proliferation was measured
by [3H]thymidine incorporation, the intracellular
calcium concentration by a dual-wavelength
spectrophotometer system, effects on mitogen-activated
protein (MAP) kinases by Western blotting,
and cell attachment and morphologic changes
were observed under a microscope. Among 11
ginsenosides tested, ginsenosides Rg3 and
Rh2 inhibited the proliferation of prostate
cancer cells. EC50s of Rg3 and Rh2 on
PC3 cells were 8.4 microM and 5.5 microM,
respectively, and 14.1 microM and 4.4 microM
on LNCaP cells, respectively. Both ginsenosides
induced cell detachment and modulated three
modules of MAP kinases activities differently
in LNCaP and PC3 cells. These results suggest
that ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2-induced cell
detachment and inhibition of the proliferation
of prostate cancer cells may be associated
with modulation of three modules of MAP kinases. |
Study
Two |
| Inhibition
of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels
by ginsenosides in mice: involvement of nitric
oxide. |
| Kim
DH, Jung
JS, Suh
HW, Huh
SO, Min
SK, Son
BK, Park
JH, Kim
ND, Kim
YH, Song
DK, Neuroreport. 1998 Jul 13; 9(10):2261-4 |
| Department
of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Institute
of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon-Do,
S. Korea |
| Ginseng total
saponins (GTS) injected intracerebroventricularly
(i.c.v.) at doses of 0.1-1 microg inhibited
the i.c.v. injection stress-induced plasma
corticosterone levels in mice. The inhibitory
action of GTS was blocked by co-administered
N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME;
1.5 microg, i.c.v.), an inhibitor of nitric
oxide synthase (NOS). Of the ginsenosides
Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3 and
20(R)-Rg3 injected i.c.v. at doses of 0.01-1
microg, 20(S)-Rg3 and Rc significantly
inhibited the i.c.v. injection stress-induced
plasma corticosterone levels. The inhibitory
actions of 20(S)-Rg3 and Rc were blocked by
co-administered L-NAME (1.5 microg, i.c.v.).
These results suggest that GTS, 20(S)-Rg3
and Rc may inhibit the i.c.v. injection stress-induced
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response by
inducing NO production in the brain |
Study
Three |
| In
vitro study of the relationship between the
structure of ginsenoside and its antioxidative
or prooxidative activity in free radical induced
hemolysis of human erythrocytes. |
| Liu
ZQ, Luo
XY, et al., J
Agric Food Chem. 2003 Apr 23;51(9):2555-8 |
| Department
of Organic Chemistry and Center for Teaching,
College of Chemistry, Jilin University |
| Ginsenoside,
the major active component in Panax ginseng,
which has been used in traditional Chinese
medicine, contains a series of derivatives
of the triterpene dammarane being attached
by some sugar moieties. To clarify the relationship
between the structure of ginsenoside and its
properties, 11 individual ginsenosides, along
with the central structures of ginsenoside,
protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, are
used in 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes,
a good experimental model to research free
radical induced membrane damage and to evaluate
the antioxidative or prooxidative activities
of various antioxidants conveniently.
It is found that the central structures of
ginsenosides, either protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol,
play a prooxidative role in AAPH-induced hemolysis
of erythrocytes. As to the individual ginsenoside,
if there are no sugar moieties attached to
the 20-position of the triterpene dammarane,
the ginsenoside acts as a prooxidant,
that is, Rg3, Rh2, and Rg2. A glucose attached
to the 6-position instead of the 20-position
sugar moieties can make the ginsenoside an
antioxidant, that is, Rh1. The antioxidants
among ginsenosides follow two different mechanisms
that can be expressed mathematically by the
Boltzmann equation, that is, Rc and Rb1, and
a polynomial equation, that is, Re, Rd, R1,
Rg1, Rb3, and Rh1. The orders of antioxidative
ability are Rc > Rb1 and Re > Rd >
R1 > Rg1 > Rb3 > Rh1, respectively. |
Study
Four |
Stereospecific
effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers on swine
coronary artery contractions.
|
| Kim
JH, Lee
JH, Jeong
SM, et al., Biol
Pharm Bull. 2006 Feb; 29(2):365-70 |
| Ginsentology
Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine, and Bio/Molecular
Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Chungju,
Seoul 143-701, Korea. |
| Previous reports
have shown that ginseng saponins, the active
ingredients of Panax ginseng, induce relaxation
of hormone- or high K(+)-induced blood vessel
contraction. We recently demonstrated
that 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers
regulate ion channel activities in a stereospecific
manner. Here, we examined whether ginsenoside
Rg(3) epimers also exhibit differential effects
on swine coronary artery contractions induced
by high K(+) or 5-HT. We found that treatment
with 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3)
caused a potent concentration-dependent, endothelium-independent
relaxation of coronary artery contraction
induced by 25 mM KCl. However, treatment with
both 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) induced
a significant, concentration-dependent relaxation
of 3 microM 5-HT-induced coronary artery contractions
in intact samples, while only 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) inhibited coronary artery contraction
in endothelium-denuded arteries. 20(S)-
but not 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) inhibited
L-type Ca(2+) channel currents in a dose-
and voltage-dependent manner. These results
indicate that 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers might exhibit stereospecific
relaxation effects on swine coronary artery
contractions caused by high K(+) and 5-HT
receptor activation. |
Study
Five |
| Platelet
activating factor antagonist activity of ginsenosides. |
| Jung
KY, Kim
DS, Oh
SR, et al., Biol
Pharm Bull. 1998 Jan; 21(1):79-80 |
| Natural Product
Biosynthesis Research Unit, Korea Research
Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology,
Taejon. |
| Ginseng saponins
and their degradation products have been screened
for antagonist activity towards [3H]PAF
(platelet activating factor) in washed rabbit
platelet receptor binding studies. 20(S)-
and delta20-ginsenosides Rg3, protopanaxadiol-type
saponins, were found to be relatively potent
PAF antagonists (IC50 = 4.9 x 10(-5) M and
9.2 x 10(-5) M, respectively). |
| Study
Six |
| Interactions
of ginseng extract, ginseng separated fractions,
and some triterpenoid saponins with glucose
transporters in sheep erythrocytes. |
| Hasegawa
H, Matsumiya
S, Murakami
C, Kurokawa
T, Kasai
R, Ishibashi
S, Yamasaki
K, Planta
Med. 1994 Apr;60(2):153-7 |
| Itto Institute
of Life Science Research, Happy World Inc.,
Tokyo, Japan. |
| The effects
of Panax ginseng extract, ginseng saponins,
and some other triterpenoid saponins on glucose
uptake were examined by using sheep erythrocytes.
Initial rates of glucose transport were determined
by measurements of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)
uptake. From kinetic analysis apparent Km
and Vmax values of facilitated glucose transport
in sheep erythrocytes were calculated as 2.3
+/- 0.08 mM and 1.4 +/- 0.05 nmol/min/10(9)
cells. The results showed that ginseng
extract stimulated glucose uptake in sheep
erythrocytes dose-dependently. Ginseng
saponins, in general, also stimulated glucose
transport. The maximum effect was observed
at 1 microM of ginsenoside Rb1 showing an
increase of 24 +/- 5% above basal activity.
However, ginsenoside Rg3, chikusetsusaponin
Ia, and glycyrrhetic acid induced significant
inhibitory effects on glucose transport in
sheep erythrocytes. |
More
Studies on Rg1, Rg2 and Rg3 (> 311 articles): |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=pubmed&term=Rg*%20ginseng |
