Research 2

 

Studies on Organic Germanium
 Studies on Rb1, Rb2 Studies on Rc, Rd, Re
Studies on Rg1, Rg2 and Rg3
 Studies on Rh1, Rh2
 Studies on Wild American Ginseng
           
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Related Research -- Studies on Rb1, Rb2

More Studies on Rb1, Rb2 (> 290 articles):

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=pubmed&term=Rb*%20ginseng

Study One
Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism
Benishin CG, Lee R, Wang LC, Liu HJ., Pharmacology. 1991; 42(4):223-9
Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Ginsenosides, the saponins of ginseng, are bioactive ingredients which exert many beneficial effects. One ginsenoside, Rb1, extracted from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), partially prevents the memory deficits induced by a cholinergic agent (scopolamine) in rats. In vitro studies show that Rb1 has no effect on quinuclidinyl benzylate binding or on acetylcholinesterase activity, but facilitates the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from hippocampal slices. The increase in ACh release is associated with an increased uptake of choline into nerve endings; however, calcium influx is unaltered. The ability of Rb1 to prevent memory deficits may be related to facilitation of ACh metabolism in the central nervous system.

Study Two
Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings
Benishin CG., Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul; 21(1):1-5
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings

Benishin CG., Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul; 21(1):1-5

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

The ginsenoside Rb1 has previously been reported to improve memory deficits induced by anticholinergic drug treatment, and to facilitate acetylcholine (Ach) release from rat brain hippocampal slices. The increase in ACh release was not associated with an increase in calcium uptake into nerve terminals, but was associated with an increase in uptake of the precursor choline. In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered. Acute treatment with Rb1 did not alter the number of [3H]hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding sites in any of three cholinergic brain regions examined, suggesting that the increase in the maximum velocity of choline uptake was not associated with an increase in the number of choline carriers. However, chronic (3 day) administration of Rb1 did increase the number of choline uptake sites in the hippocampus, and to a lesser extent in the cortex.

Study Three
Hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury
Lee HU, Bae EA, Han MJ, Kim NJ, Kim DH, Liver Int. 2005 Oct;25(5):1069-73
College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.

Hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury

Lee HU, Bae EA, Han MJ, Kim NJ, Kim DH, Liver Int. 2005 Oct;25(5):1069-73

College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The main component of Panax ginseng, which have been reported by many researchers, are ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc. Orally administered ginsenosides are metabolized to 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (compound K) by intestinal bacteria and absorbed to blood. To understand its hepatoprotective effect and its mechanism, the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K on chemically injured HepG2 cells and mice were investigated. METHODS: Ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were isolated from ginseng. Hepatotoxicity of HepG2 cells and mice was induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Cytotoxicity for HepG2 cells and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for mice as markers of hepatoprotective activity were measured. RESULTS: Compound K protected HepG2 cell cytotoxicity induced by t-BHP. However, ginsenoside Rb1 did not inhibit cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, both ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K significantly inhibited the increment of ALT and AST induced by t-BHP in mice, when it was orally administered. However, intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rb1 did not inhibit the increment of plasma ALT and AST induced by t-BHP in mice. These compounds did not exhibit antioxidant activity. However, compound K showed the potent membrane stabilizing activity more than ginsenoside Rb1. CONCLUSION: Compound K, which was produced from ginsenosides of Panax ginseng in intestine, could protect liver injury.

Study Four
Epidermis proliferative effect of the Panax ginseng ginsenoside Rb2
Choi S, Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Feb; 25(1):71-6
Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Korea

Ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine with various therapeutic effects. However, it is still unknown which component of this plant is effective at promoting wound healing. Recently, ginsenoside Rb2 has been reported to improve wound healing. In this study, to investigate the reported wound healing effect of the ginsenoside Rb2, cell morphology and protein factors involved in epidermal formation were evaluated by immunochemical and immunoblotting analysis. Rb2 stimulated epidermal cell proliferation, and the cell showed a 1.5-fold increase in thymidine uptake compared to the control (p<0.05, n=3). Furtheremore, Rb2 was found to stimulate epidermis formation in a dose-dependent manner in raft culture, and to dose dependently enhance the expressions of protein factors related to cell proliferation, namely, epidermal growth factor and its receptor, fibronectin and its receptor, keratin 5/14, and collagenase I (p<0.05, n=3-9). It is believed that ginsenoside Rb2 enhances epidermal cell proliferation by upregulating the expressions of these proliferation-related factors

Study Five
The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response.
Rivera E, Ekholm Pettersson F, Inganas M, Paulie S, Gronvik KO, Vaccine. 2005 Nov 16; 23(46-47):5411-9
National Veterinary Institute, Department of Vaccine Research, Sweden.
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines containing different adjuvants were evaluated for inducing Th1 or Th2 type of immunity in mice. Isotypes of antigen specific antibodies and levels of cytokines in serum and in lymphocyte culture supernatants measured by ELISA and the Gyrolab Bioaffy were used to determine the polarisation of the immune response. Enumeration of cytokine secreting cells was carried out by ELISPOT assays. Vaccines containing the ginseng-fraction Rb1 induced serum-detectable amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 as early as 24h after primary injection that was confirmed in sera collected at 24 and 72 h post re-vaccination. Five weeks after booster, immune lymphocytes were still producing large amounts of cytokines including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-alpha and the antibody titres were still similar to those titres recorded 1 week post booster. The Rb1 adjuvanted vaccines stimulated similar titres of antigen specific IgG1, IgG(2a) and IgG(2b). Thus, the cytokine and the serological data indicated that the Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response

Study Six
Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain.
Salim KN, McEwen BS, et al., Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Jul; 47(1-2):177-82
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.

Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain.

Salim KN, McEwen BS, et al., Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Jul; 47(1-2):177-82

Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.

Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), a saponin of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), has been found to exert beneficial effects on memory and learning, putatively through its actions on the cholinergic system. In situ hybridization studies show that Rb1 increases the expression of choline acetyltransferase and trkA mRNAs in the basal forebrain and nerve growth factor mRNA in the hippocampus. Other neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3), genes encoding neuropeptides (preproenkephalin, preprotachykinin) and amyloid protein precursor were also studied, but no significant change was observed. These findings support the specificity of the effects of Rb1 on certain aspects of the cholinergic and neurotrophic systems.

Study Seven
Effect of ginseng saponins on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in cell cultures
Himi T, Saito H, Nishiyama N., Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).,1989 Feb;37(2):481-4
The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and saponins isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer on the survival of chick and rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons were examined. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) exerted a survival-promoting effect on both chick and rat cerebral cortex neurons in cell cultures. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) also had an effect in the rat and displayed some influence in the chick. NGF alone exerted no effect on both neurons, although it did potentiate the GRb1 effect on chick embryonic cerebral cortex neurons, but did not alter the GRb1 effect on rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons. NGF did not alter the survival-promoting effect of GRg1 on either chick or rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons. The other saponins alone or with NGF exerted no effect on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in either the chick or rat.

More Studies on Rb1, Rb2 (> 290 articles):

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=pubmed&term=Rb*%20ginseng